Kosher Foods: Is Turkey Kosher?

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In one way unimportant, in another, a deep meaningful issue to be considered.  It highlights the restrictive nature of trying to keep kosher.

Kosher Foods: Acceptance of Chicken

These is considerable debate regarding acceptable Kosher Foods, some of which are clear to define, some not. One of the hot topics is the Turkey which has divided scholars for many years (and years to come!).  A good starting point to this discussion would be to look at chicken breeds, domesticated as early as 7th century BCE and which are universally accepted as kosher foods.

One of the key considerations when considering turkeys is treatment of chickens. It is universally accepted that chicken is kosher, irrespective of breed. Because the turkey on the other hand was not discovered until later, it therefore must be evaluated for kosher.

Acceptance of Newer Breeds of Chicken as Kosher Foods

Newer breeds we were not aware of in older times are accepted as Kosher and this is better expressed by Rabbi Yitzchak Isacc Liebes (author of Shuts Beit Avi; mesorah, 1990) when discussing Rock Cornish Hens essentially says…

“if it looks like a chicken, walks like a chicken and quacks like a chicken, it is a chicken,” and since Rock Cornish Hens are [just like] the common chicken, they fall under the chicken mesorah”.

This includes breeds that look quite different and are relatively new, such as the popular leghorn. The argument is that small differences do not create a new halachic species, and so just like scientifically they are all chickens, so too halachically, including newer breeds such as Buckeye, or Delaware.

Kosher Foods: Turkey / Chicken -The Same Order?

When discussing Kosher Foods, chicken and turkey are in the same Order (Galliformes).  Some authorities also place them in the same family (Phasianidae). While it is not surprising that there is a comparison of turkeys and chickens becuase of the relative closeness of their appearance.  However, appearance only does not influence kosher and althought they look similar the turkey is more closely related to partridge and pheasants.

Discovery and History of the Modern Turkey Bird

The turkey seems to be a relatively new bird, being ‘discovered’ in the Americas by the Spanish Conquistadors and brought turkeys back to Europe. Eventually they began being raised domestically in England, Italyand France, by the mid 16th century.  However, when investigations provided evidence that the turkey (indik) originally was brought from India there were questions about its status, and for some people those questions still remain. However, the vast majority of the Jews have accepted it as kosher.

Shut Mei Be’er (Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Schur, Bucharest, d. 1897; siman 19) opines that we eat turkey (indik) relying on the Jews of India, the place of origin of the turkey, who had a clear tradition dating back to Moses that the turkey was kosher. As far as he was concerned, the only question that ever existed with regard to turkey was whether Europeans could rely on the Indian mesorah and this, he claims, was settled in the affirmative by the Rivash.

Once that has happened, unless there is overwhelmingly compelling evidence to declare it non-kosher, such as that it is found to be truly dores, it cannot now be declared non-kosher. The rule that birds are eaten only if a mesorah exists coupled with the fact that the origins of a particular mesorah are unknown, is insufficient reason to declare an accepted bird unacceptable.

Kosher Foods: Accepting the Turkey Bird

Rather, it is treated as if we now have a mesorah  and follow the rule that when eliable mesorah exists there is no need for further investigation and the bird may be eaten (Shach, YD) unless it is found to be truly a dores, in which case it would

Kosher Roast Turkey

be assumed that the mesorah was in error and must be rejected (Shach, YD ). This attitude is interesting in light of the strong insistence of the Rosh (Shut Rabbenu Asher, Clal 20, #20) on knowing the origins of a mesorah. That has not happened with turkeys.

Kosher Foods: Cooking a Roast Stuffed Turkey

 Kosher Turkey is a real treat and can be enjoyed especially at all times, and especially as a holiday treat.  Here is a really good kosher turkey recipe here.

The Case for Keeping Kosher

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What Are Kosher Foods?

The Jewish dietary laws define food as either “kosher” (right, proper, fit) or “treifah” (torn, unclean and therefore forbidden). Only Kosher Foods are permitted to be eaten under the rules.  A quick guide to Kosher Foods is found here.

Torah Requirements (Kashruth)

Perhaps a little surprisingly, the Torah offers no definitive reason for the observance of kashruth, but it does state that by observing these laws the nation of Israel becomes an “Am Kadosh“–a “Holy people,” (Exodus 22:31), often interpreted as a race apart.

As there is no official reason for the observance of kashruth, many commentators and philosophers have sought to offer a rationale for the observances of the kashruth laws

HEALTH REASONS

The medieval philosopher, halakhist and physician, Maimonides, (1135-1204), suggested that the laws of kashruth were a means of enhancing human health (Guide for the Perplexed, Part III, Chap. 48). For this he was roundly taken to task by the famed Don Isaac Abarbanel,(1437-1508): “G-d forbid that I should believe that the reasons for forbidden foods are medicinal! For were it so, the Book of G-d’s law should be in the same class as any of the minor brief medical books… Furthermore, our own eyes see that the people who eat pork and insects and such… are well and alive and healthy at this very day…” (Abarbanel, Commentary to Leviticus, Shemini).

SPIRITUAL REASONS

Abarbanel, R. Isaac Arama (Akeidat Yitzchak) and Nachmanides, (1194-1270), suggest that the dietary laws were given not for the good of the body, but for the benefit of the soul. They maintain that animals that are permitted to be eaten are of a higher spiritual nature, resulting in a higher spiritual health and a more saintly character for humans who consume them.

SELF DISCIPLINE & KOSHER FOODS

The Midrash Tadshe and Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzato,(1707-1746), see self-discipline as the primary reason for kashruth observance. Kashruth laws allow the Jew to be in control of his food rather than have the food control the Jew. Thus each Jew is led to acknowledge the yoke of his Maker, and to remember G-d and His Providence that act “as a restraining factor on our passions and implants in us the fear of G-d that we should not sin,” (Luzzato).

CONSEQUENCE OF SEPARATION

As indicated at the outset, there are many who maintain that the dietary laws were designed to serve as a barrier to separate the Jews from the nations of the world. Rabbi David Zvi Hoffman,(1843-1921) in his commentary to Leviticus, takes issue with that formulation, positing that the separation of the Jewish people from the other nations has already been performed by G-d, and as a result Jews are obligated to observe the Divine precepts. To Hoffman, kashruth is not a vehicle for separation but a consequence of it.

TO DISCOURAGE MEAT CONSUMPTION

Contemporary commentators have found new meaning in the kashruth laws and rituals. Some point out that until the time of Noah, early man was vegetarian, and meat was permitted only as a concession to man’s base nature, suggesting that vegetarianism is a more spiritually uplifting diet. Certainly, the regulations governing the preparation of kosher meat make life more difficult and expensive for the observant Jew, thus insuring that meat consumption is likely reduced or held to a minimum. Certainly, the kosher meat consumer will pause to consider whether to eat a casual snack of meat at all in light of the fact that according to kashruth regulations there must be a considerable wait after eating meat before a dairy product may be consumed.

MORAL AND ETHICAL VALUES

Many commentators emphasize the moral and ethical values of the kosher diet–viewing all food as a Divine gift. Any flesh that was produced in a process that caused undue pain to the animal may not be consumed. Nor may milk and meat be eaten at the same meal, suggesting that if a human can be so callous as to take the life of an animal in order to satiate one’s appetite, the least such a person must do is to be certain not to drink milk, a substance that nurtures animal life, with the meat, that represents the destruction of animal life.

JEWISH IDENTITY

Whatever the reasons for its observance, Kashruth for the contemporary Jew has become a rallying point for Jewish identity. So much so that even non-observant Soviet prisonsers of Zion refused to consume non-kosher foods in their prison cells in order to affirm their identification with the Jewish people past, present and future. Some Soviet Jewish heroes and heroines have subsisted on diets of tea and crackers for years rather than let non-kosher foods pass through their mouths.

The question of the moment then becomes this. We who are able in short order to convene 1/4 million Jews on the Washington elipse to rally on behalf of freedom for Jews behind the iron curtain, who spare no expense to celebrate Bar Mitzvahs with our co-religionists in Poland, who are free to practice our religious rites and rituals—should we not feel the obligation to identify with our people past, present and future by freely adopting the customs and practices which have kept us together? Dare we say to Joseph Mendelovich you are a hero for practicing under incredible adversity — but your observance, to those of us who are free is meaningless? Dare we announce to the young Maccabees who refused to eat the sacrifice of the swine — what you did was suitable or your time but is irrelevant for us today?

Kashruth in the 21th century is far more than a religious ritual, Kosher Foods are a bond which unites Jew to Jew, it is a tether which secures an individual to a nation, it is the energy which connects a people, and a nation, to its very roots.